(ı/i/u/ü)m *part 2

the same rules (except for 1d) apply to (ı/i/u/ü)n, meaning your/you're or the 2nd person singular.
1. (y)ken is the suffix form of iken, meaning as, (the time) when, while. it doesn't follow the vowel harmony rules, that is, it's always (y)kenno matter what the last vowel of the word is.
başlar ay doğarken saltanatı sultaniyegahın
the majesty of sultaniyegah starts as the moon rises
2. it can be added to nouns or verbs in the 3rd person singular (not all tenses).
2a. since the grammatical person is missing, a noun or pronoun as the subject of the sentence is generally necessary, otherwise the meaning would be ambiguous:
sen o yolları giderken biz dönüyorduk: we were coming back while you were going those roads (*). here sen (=you singular) can't be excluded.
sometimes the meaning is inherently ambiguous and can't be fixed if there's no clue from the context and the sentence should then be restructured or rephrased:
seni arabaya binerken gördüm: i saw you while i was/you were getting on the car. here it's not clear who was getting on the car: i or you? it can only be understood through the physical or verbal context.
2b. if the last letter of the word is a vowel a y is put (for no apparent reason), dropped if it's a consonant:
ben evde-y-ken: while i (am/was) at home.
ben işte-y-ken: when i (am/was) at work.
ben çocukken: when i was a child
kapı açıkken: when the door (is/was) open
as it can be seen, sometimes the tense of the sentence is also ambiguous. it's highly dependent on the physical or verbal context.
2c. tenses that accept the suffix:
remember that (1) the tense of the sentence may be different from that of the verb, and (2) the grammatical person is understood from the context since the verb is always in the 3rd person singular.
i. the present tense
ben doğarken ölmüşüm: i died when i was born (literally, i died when i am born)
ii. the present continuous tense
sen elinin tersiyle ittin ben ağlıyorken: you pushed (me) with the back of your hand while i was crying
iii. the future tense
hani kahramanlar gibi sevecekken seni
masal bitti ...
you know, when i was going to love you like heroes,
the story was over
iv. the past tense with -miş/-mış:
daha çatal kaşık bıçak icat edilmemişken: the time when the fork, spoon and knife weren't yet invented
note:
the past tense with -di/-dı accepts a different suffix -ğinde/ğında or -ği/ğı zaman along with the personal suffix:
when i/you etc came:
geldiğimde = geldiğim zaman (i)
geldiğinde = geldiğin zaman (you, singular)
geldiğinde = geldiği zaman (he/she/it)
geldiğimizde = geldiğimiz zaman (we)
geldiğinizde = geldiğiniz zaman (you, plural)
geldiklerinde = geldikleri zaman (they)
---
(*) ie, i'm more experienced or learned than you. here the speaker uses we instead of i to imply and stress his/her superiority in knowledge or experience over the person addressed.

(ı/i/u/ü)m * part 1

1. ı/i/u/ü are used as auxiliary letters to separate two consonants.
1a. means my when added to a noun:
baş-ı-m = başım: my head
1b. indicates 1st person singular when added to a verb:
geldi-m: i came
1c. indicates 1st person singular when added to a noun/adjective if it's the predicate of the sentence (which is called a noun sentence):
(ben) uzun-u-m = uzunum: i'm tall
(ben) öğretmen-i-m = öğretmenim: i'm a teacher
1d. makes nouns from verbs:
seçmek: to choose, to elect -> seçim: choice, election
bakmak: to look -> bakım: maintenance
yazmak: to write -> yazım: orthography, spelling (also, my writing)
2. an ı, i, u or ü is put if the last letter of the word is a consonant, dropped if it's a vowel:
put:
ev-i-m = evim: my house;
duvar-ı-m = duvarım: my wall;
yol-u-m = yolum: my way
drop:
araba-m = arabam: my car;
kapı-m = kapım: my door
keçi-m = keçim: my goat
exceptions:
su-y-u-m = suyum: my water (the original form of the word in the far distant past was SUW but it's been long lost, so don't say sum)
ne-y-i-m = neyim: my what? (regular forms nem, nen etc. are also used, as in the folk song de get bayburt de get sende nem kaldı)
2a. -ı- is used when the last vowel in the word is a or ı:
hayAt -> hayatım: my life
krAl -> kralım: my king (also, i'm the king)
katIr -> katırım: my mule (also, i'm a mule)
yakIn -> yakınım: my close (ie, my relative, also, i'm close)
exceptions:
words ending in -al sometimes take -i- as in meralim: my meral (female name), kemalim: my kemal (male name).
saat -> saatim: my watch or clock
2b. -i- is used when the last vowel in the word is e or i:
kedEr -> kederim: my sorrow
kemEr -> kemerim: my belt
sinİr -> sinirim: my nerve
vezİr -> vezirim: my queen (in chess), my vizier (also, i'm a vizier)
2c. -u- is used when the last vowel in the word is o or u:
tampOn -> tamponum: my bumper (meaning the bumper of my car)
kupOn -> kuponum: my coupon
gurUr -> gururum: my pride
okUr -> okurum: my reader (also, i read)
2d. -ü- is used when the last vowel in the word is ö or ü:
şofÖr -> şoförüm: my driver (also, i'm a driver)
planÖr -> planörüm: my glider
dönÜş -> dönüşüm: my return (also, transformation, from dönüşmek: to transform, to turn into)
görÜş -> görüşüm: my view, my opinion (also, that i see/saw, as in bu onu son görüşümdü: that was the last time that i saw her)

Gidemeyeceklerdensin

the root: git - go
gidecek - he'll go (t softens to d)
gitMEyecek - he'll NOT go (t restores because of m. ME for negation, y for separating two vowels)
gidEmeyecek - he won't BE ABLE TO go (t again softens. E signals ability)
gidemeyecekLER - THEY won't be able to go (LER for plural)
so far it's a verb, now it switches to a noun:
gidemeyeceklerDEN - FROM those who won't be able to go (DEN is a noun suffix and makes the word a noun)
gidemeyeceklerdenSİN - YOU (are) from those who won't be able to go (finally, the pronoun)
as for the rule, aksios clarifies it for nouns, but i don't know all the rules, do you (for your own language, i mean)? there is a rule or rules, of course, but i don't know them, and i don't encourage you to learn rules. i only encourage you to read or listen without even thinking about how we add the suffixes. trust in your brain, it'll do most of the job by discerning the underlying pattern even without your being aware of it. on the contrary, the more you push it consciously the longer it'll take to realize the pattern.
... and this is just my opinion and i don't think it's a scientific one, but i know it from own experiences

THE LETTER “Ğ”

The letter “Ğ” represents different sounds in different positions, and there is a good deal of dialectical difference within Turkey and even a difference between styles of speech by the same person, in the use of this group of sounds. The following explanation will help with the standard pronunciation:
1- When “ğ” occurs in a syllable with front unrounded vowels /i/ and /e/, the sound represented is /y/ (as in “Year”)
iğne /iyne/ needle
eğlenmek /eylenmek/ to have fun
diğer /diyer/ other
değil /deyil, diyil/ not equivalent
2- When it occurs in a syllable with front rounded or with back vowels, the sound differs in the final syllable and initial syllable positions:
a) In the final syllable position, the sound represented is merely a lengthening of the previous vowel: (I put a colon “ : ”next to the vowel that has lengthened)
düğme /dü:me/ button
öğrenmek /ö:renmek/ to learn
öğle /ö:le/ noon
b) In the initial syllable position, what is represented is simply a hiatus between the vowels (but pronunciated in a combined way like “aır, yourt, saa”) :
ağır /a-ır/ heavy, serious
yoğurt /yo-urt/ yoghurt
sağa /sa-a/ to the right

QUESTION WORDS “NE” (WHAT) and “KİM” (WHO)

Ben ne-y*-im? What am I?
Sen ne-s*-in? What are you?
O ne(dir)? What is it?
Biz ne-y*-iz? What are we?
Siz nesiniz) What are you?
Onlar nelerdir? What are they?
*These letters are put between the vowels when the word takes a suffix. Because two vowels cannot come together in a word in Turkish, so these letters “y,ş,s,n” prevent this when the words take suffixes.
Ben kimim? Who am I?
Sen kimsin? Who are you?
O kim? Who is he/she?
Biz kimiz? Who are we?
Siz kimsiniz? Who are you?
Onlar kimler(dir)? Who are they?

Genitive suffix

Genitive suffix: “-(n)In” (-nın, -nin, -nun, -nün, -ın, -in, -un, -ün)
>> suffix is “-In” in the words ending in consonants:
adam-ın (of the man)
>>suffix is “-nIn” in the words ending in vowels:
oda-nın (of the room)
Possessive suffix: “-(s)I” (-sı,-si, -su, -sü, -ı, -i, -u, -ü)
**Words ending in consonants => “-I”
Kalem-i (his/her pencil)
**Words ending in vowels => “-sI”
Kapı-sı (its door)
ó e.g oda-nın kapı-sı (the door of the room)
o-nun anne-si (his/her mother)
As you see, above examples are compounds.

Affirmative Form (positive)

Ben-im I am
Sen-sin you are
O- (dur) he/she/it is
Biz-iz we are
Siz-siniz you are
Onlar-(dır) they are
• Ben (öğretmen) im. (I’m a teacher.)
• Sen (öğretmen) sin. (You’re a teacher.)
• O (öğretmen) dir. (He/she is a teacher. )
• Biz (öğretmen) iz. (We’re teachers.)
• Siz (öğretmen) siniz. (you’re teachers.)
• Onlar (öğretmen) dir(ler). (they’re teachers.)
***As you see, the noun comes between the pronoun and the personal suffix.
"-DIr” (to be) <=>according to the vowel harmony rule, the vowel is changed and appears as “-dır, -dir, -dur, -dür”.
1. If the preceeding syllable is “e” or “i”, the vowel in the verb “to be” will be “i”:
ev-dir (house)
iyi-dir (fine)
2. If the vowel in the preceeding syllable is “ö” or “ü”, the vowel will be “ü”:
Müdür-dür(director)
Otobüs-tür* (bus)
3. If the vowel in the preceeding syllable is “o” or “u”, the vowel will be “u”:
doktor-dur (doctor)
kuru-dur (dry)
4. If the vowel in the preceeding syllable is “a” or “ı”, the vowel will be “ı”:
Para-dır (Money)
Amerikalı-dır (american)
*The consonant “D” changes in some situations due to consonant harmony. If the noun’s ending consonant is a voiced consonant, the suffix will be “-dır”; but if the words ends with a voiceless consonant, it will be “-tIr”.
Voiced consonants: b, c, d, g, j, l, m, n, r, v, y and all the vowels
Voiceless consonants: ç, f, h, k, p, s, ş, t, z
Negative form
Ben (öğrenci) değilim. I’m not a student.
Sen (öğrenci) değilsin. You’re not a student.
O (öğrenci) değil(dir). He/she is not a student.
Biz (öğrenci) değiliz. We are not students.
Siz (öğrenci) değilsiniz. You’re not students.
Onlar (öğrenci) değil(dir)ler. They’re not students.
***In order to form negative, the word “değil” is placed just before the verb-ending. In this case, the verb-ending is attached to “değil”.
Bu temiz bir lokanta değildir. (This is not a clean restaurant.)
Interrogative Form
Ben (öğretmen) miyim? Am I a teacher?
Sen (öğretmen) misin? Are you a teacher?
O (öğretmen) mi(dir)? Is she/he a teacher?
Biz (öğretmen) miyiz? Are we teachers?
Siz (öğretmen) misiniz? Are you teachers?
Onlar (öğretmen(ler) ) mi(dir)? Are they teachers?
Onlar (öğretmen) midir(ler)? Are they teachers?

ADJECTİVES

>>In Turkish, adjectives come before the nouns:
güzel ev (pretty house)
çirkin kız (ugly girl)
>>Comparative form: The comparative degree of an adj. Or an adv. is formed by placing “DAHA”(more) in front of the adj and the adv.
İyi (good) => daha iyi (better) ; daha iyi kız (better girl)
Büyük (big) => daha büyük (bigger)
>>Superlative form: The superlative degree of an adj. Or adv. is formed by placing “EN”(most) in front of the adj. or the adv.
Küçük (small) => en küçük
Yavaş (slow) => en yavaş
>>Interrogative Form of Adj.s: (Subj.)+adj.+-mI*?
Güzel mi? (Is it pretty?)
*”-mI” is question suffix; it’s always written seperately, like an individual word. The vowel in “-mI” changes depending on the vowel in the last syllable of the word:
>after “a,ı” => -mı
>after “e,i” => -mi
>after “o,u” => -mu
>after “ö,ü” => -mü
The Negative Form of Adjectives (adj.+değil)
>> güzel değil ( (It’s) not pretty)
****Special usage; not applicable to all adjectives=> adj.+-lI(-lı, -li, -lu, -lü) (for positive) ; adj.+-sIz(-sız, -siz, -suz, -süz) (for negative)
akıl-lı (clever) ó akıl-sız (stupid)
güç-lü (strong) ó güç-süz (weak)
Demonstrative Adjectives
Bu (this) => bu kız (this girl)
Şu (that) => şu ev (that house)
O (that) => o çocuk (that child)
# All these are also used in plural forms like “bu çocuklar” (these children). As you see, while forming adj.s in Turkish, we don’t touch the adj.s themselves (I mean, their plurality or singularity), but we change the nouns by adding suffixes.

DECLENSİON OF NOUNS

# There are mainly 6 cases in Turkish: nominative, dative, accusative (objective), locative, ablative, genitive. Here are the pronouns in these different 6 cases:
Nominative Case (subject)
Above six sentences are examples of nominative case of the pronouns.
Dative Case (to)
Bana to me Kitabı bana verir. (she gives the book to me.)
Sana to you Kitabı sana verir. (she gives the book to you.)
Ona to him/her/it Kitabı ona verir. (she gives the book to him/her/it.)
Bize to us Kitabı bize verir. (she gives the book to us.)
Size to you Kitabı size verir. (she gives the book to you.)
Onlara to them Kitabı onlara verir. (she gives the book to them.)
Accusative Case
Beni me Beni görüyor mu? (Does he see me?)
Seni you Seni görüyor mu? (does he see you?)
Onu him/her/it Onu görüyor mu? (does he see him/her/it?)
Bizi us Bizi görüyor mu? (does he see us?)
Sizi you Sizi görüyor mu? (does he see you?)
Onları them Onları görüyor mu? (does he see them?)
Locative Case (at, on, in)
Bende at me Kitap bende. (The book is at me.)
Sende at you Kitap sende. (the book is at you.)
Onda at him/her/it Kitap onda. (the book is at him/her/it.)
Bizde at us Kitap bizde. (the book is at us.)
Sizde at you Kitap sizde. (the book is at you.)
Onlarda at them Kitap ınlarda. (the book is at them.)
*”at” is a literal translation, whereasual meaning is “with me”.
Ablative Case (from)
Benden from me Kitabı benden istiyor. (he wants the book from me.)
Senden from you Kitabı senden istiyor. (he wants the book from you.)
Ondan from him/her/it Kitabı ondan istiyor. (he wants the book from him/her/it.)
Bizden from us Kitabı bizden istiyor. (he wants the book from us.)
Sizden from you Kitabı sizden istiyor. (he wants the book from you.)
Onlardan from them Kitabı onlardan istiyor. (he wants the book from them.)
Genitive (possessive) Case (of)
Benim mine Bu benim . (this is mine.)
Senin yours Bu senin. (this is yours.)
Onun his/hers/its Bu onun. (this is his/hers/its.)
Bizim ours Bu bizim. (this is ours.)
Sizin yours Bu sizin. (this is yours.)
Onların theirs Bu onların. (this is theirs.)
IMPORTANT: possessive prononuns when used in the following manner, become possessive adjectives:
Benim aşk-ım (my love)
Senin aşk-ın (your love)
Onun aşk-ı (his/her love)
Bizim aşk-ımız (our love)
Sizin aşk-ınız (your love)
Onların aşk-ı (their love)

VAR, YOK

VAR, YOK [ there is(n’t) / are(n’t), not to have (got) ]
The words ‘var’ and ‘yok’ are always followed by the verb ‘to be’ which may be omitted in the present tense.
Var: extant, in the existence.
Yok: non-ectant, not existence.
# These words have two principle uses:
1. There first function is to express possession.
· (benim) bir arabam var(dır).
I have (got) a car.
· (onun) bir kız arkadaşı vardı.
He had a girl-friend.
· Hiç paran(ız) var mı(dır)?
Have you got any money?
2. Their second function is to express the English ‘there is / are (not)’
· Masanın üstünde bir kitap var(dır).
There is a book on the table.
· Orada hiç okul yok(tur).
There aren’t any schools there.
· Başka seçenek(ler) var mı(dır)?
Are there any alternatives.

A BASİC PATTERN TO MAKE A PHRASE

# The article in Turkish is “bir” (a, an)
bir ev (a house)
bir kız (a girl)
bir çocuk (a child)
*HOW(Nasıl) +Article+noun
Questions:
Nasıl bir ev(dir*)? = (What kind of a house?)
Nasıl bir kızdır? = (What kind of a girl?)
Nasıl bir çocuktur? = (What kind of a child?)
*This suffix is the auxiliary verb (like “am/is/are” in english) for the third person singular.

Answers (Adjective+article+noun)
Güzel bir ev = ( a pretty house)
Çirkin bir kız = ( an ugly girl)
İyi bir çocuk = ( a good child)

The verb Olmak “TO BE” # positive Interrogation

*Ps: mı-mi-mu-mü : is the interrogative particle. It is written as an independent word.
im (-ım,-um,-üm) = I'm
Ben bir işçşi miyim? = am I a worker?
-sin (-sın,-sun,-sün) = you're
Sen bir işçşi misin?= are you a worker?
-O --- = s/he 's - it's
O bir işçşi mi(dir)?= is he/she a worker?
-iz (-ız,-uz,-üz) = we're
Biz işçşi miyiz?= are we (the) workers?
-siniz (-sınız,-sunuz,-sünüz) = you're
Siz işçşi misiniz?= are you (the) workers?
-ler/-lar = they're
Onlar işçşi midirler?= are they (the) workers?
# Negative Interrogation

değilim= i’m not
ben bir işçşi değil miyim?= am I not a driver?
değilsin= you’ re not
sen bir işçşi değil misin?= are you not a driver?
değil(dir)= he,she,it is not
o bir işçşi değil mi(dir)?= is he/she not a driver?
değiliz= we’re not
biz bir işçşi değil miyiz?= are we not drivers?
değilsiniz= you’re not
siz bir işçşi değil misiniz?= are you not drivers?
değiller= they’re not
onlar bir işçşi değil midir(ler)?= are they not drivers?

The verb Olmak “TO BE”

# Negative form
değil = not
the personal pronouns suffixes are added to değil:
değilim= i’m not
ben dalgıç değilim= i’m not a driver
değilsin= you’ re not
sen dalgıç değilsin= you are not a driver
değil(dir)= he,she,it is not
o dalgıç değil= she/he is not a driver
değiliz= we’re not
biz dalgıç değiliz= we are not drivers
değilsiniz= you’re not
siz dalgıç değilsiniz= you are not drivers
değiller= they’re not
onlar dalgıç değiller= they aren’t drivers